In 2022, Medicaid transfers in Ingham County totaled $615.11 million, amounting to $2,165 per capita, or 20.3% of total government transfers, according to information from the Economic Innovation Group.
Among all government transfer programs, Medicaid was the second smallest contributor in the county. Social Security was the largest contributor, totaling $1.05 billion, equating to $3,700 per capita and making up 34.7% of total transfers.
Comparatively, Medicaid transfers across Michigan amounted to $21.5 billion, ranking second lowest among all transfer types within the state. This translates to an average of $2,143 per capita, or 18.1% of total government transfers. Including all transfer types, government transfer payments totaled $118.74 billion, accounting for 20.7% of residents’ total income, with an average of $11,834 per resident.
Medicare was the second largest contributor in Ingham County in 2022, accounting for $741.4 million, averaging $2,610 per capita, representing 24.4% of transfers. Income Maintenance transfers provided another $359.03 million, averaging $1,264 per capita and comprising 11.8% of government support, making them the smallest contributors.
Government transfer payments are non-repayable funds provided by federal, state, or local governments to support individuals in need. These payments aim to stabilize economic conditions and provide financial support during hardships. Key programs include Social Security transfers (retirement benefits), Medicare transfers (healthcare for seniors), Medicaid transfers (healthcare for low-income individuals), and income maintenance transfers (financial assistance for basic needs).
With 14.8% of the population aged 65 and older, Ingham County has a demand for programs like Social Security and Medicare. Despite this aid, the total per capita income in Ingham County, excluding government transfers was $38,901, which is noticeably below the county’s total income of $49,577, emphasizing the role of government transfers in overall income.
When comparing 2022 to the previous year, Ingham County saw an increase in its Medicaid transfer dependency by 0.1%, reflecting both rising transfer amounts and stagnating or insufficient other sources of income.
Government transfers have long been a modest financial safety net, historically comprising only a small fraction of Americans’ income. However, since the 1970s—sometimes dubbed the “Great Transfer-mation”—dependency has surged from 8.2% (or $2,022 per capita in inflation-adjusted 2022 dollars) in 1970 to 17.6% (or $11,542 per capita) in 2022 nationwide. In Ingham County, reliance on government transfers has similarly increased from 7.4% (or $1,764 per capita) in 1970 to 21.5% (or $10,676 per capita) in 2022, reflecting broader national trends.
According to the Economic Innovation Group’s analysis, these trends are not merely short-term responses to economic pressures but rather reflect a profound, long-term transformation in how government support is integrated into American life. The study illustrates that structural shifts—from rising healthcare expenses and demographic changes to stagnant wages—have significantly increased dependency on government transfers.
| County | Rank | Dependency on Transfers (%) | % Population 65+ | Social Security Transfers (%) | Medicare Transfers (%) | Medicaid Transfers (%) | Income Maintenance Transfers (%) | Per Capita Transfers ($) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wayne County | 1 | 27.7% | 16.6% | 7.8% | 6.4% | 7.6% | 4.3% | $13,435 |
| Oakland County | 2 | 11.9% | 18.4% | 5.2% | 3.6% | 1.4% | 0.8% | $10,053 |
| Macomb County | 3 | 20% | 18.3% | 8.1% | 6.1% | 2.2% | 2% | $10,779 |
| Kent County | 4 | 13.9% | 14.9% | 5.2% | 3.4% | 2.4% | 1.7% | $9,305 |
| Genesee County | 5 | 29.2% | 18.8% | 10.2% | 7.6% | 5.5% | 3.9% | $13,910 |
| Washtenaw County | 6 | 12.2% | 15.8% | 5.3% | 3% | 1.6% | 1% | $8,708 |
| Ingham County | 7 | 21.5% | 14.8% | 7.5% | 5.3% | 4.4% | 2.5% | $10,676 |
| Kalamazoo County | 8 | 17.6% | 16.2% | 6.9% | 3.9% | 3.2% | 2% | $10,489 |
| Saginaw County | 9 | 30.2% | 20.3% | 10.5% | 7.6% | 6.1% | 3.8% | $14,386 |
| Ottawa County | 10 | 14.1% | 16.6% | 6.5% | 3.7% | 1.5% | 1.1% | $8,623 |
| Muskegon County | 11 | 28.9% | 18.4% | 10.1% | 7% | 5.8% | 3.8% | $13,189 |
| Berrien County | 12 | 22.3% | 21.4% | 8.1% | 5.4% | 4.8% | 2.3% | $13,462 |
| St. Clair County | 13 | 24.2% | 20.3% | 9.7% | 6.5% | 3.6% | 2.3% | $12,699 |
| Jackson County | 14 | 26.5% | 19.1% | 10% | 6.8% | 4.7% | 2.8% | $12,290 |
| Livingston County | 15 | 13.5% | 19.6% | 7.1% | 3.6% | 1% | 0.7% | $9,343 |
| Monroe County | 16 | 21.2% | 19.8% | 9.1% | 5.9% | 2.7% | 1.7% | $11,222 |
| Calhoun County | 17 | 28.9% | 18.6% | 10.1% | 6.4% | 5.7% | 3.6% | $12,982 |
| Bay County | 18 | 29.2% | 21.8% | 11% | 7.4% | 5.5% | 2.6% | $14,494 |
| Eaton County | 19 | 22.2% | 20% | 9.7% | 6.7% | 2% | 1.8% | $11,318 |
| Lenawee County | 20 | 25.8% | 20.3% | 10.5% | 7% | 3.9% | 2.2% | $12,252 |
| Allegan County | 21 | 17.8% | 18.3% | 7.9% | 3.9% | 2.7% | 1.7% | $9,781 |
| Grand Traverse County | 22 | 19.1% | 22% | 8.2% | 5.1% | 2.6% | 1.3% | $11,861 |
| Lapeer County | 23 | 23.2% | 20.2% | 10% | 6.5% | 2.8% | 1.8% | $11,720 |
| Midland County | 24 | 19.3% | 20.3% | 7.8% | 5% | 3.3% | 1.5% | $11,761 |
| Van Buren County | 25 | 26% | 19.9% | 9.6% | 6.1% | 5.4% | 2.9% | $12,888 |
| Shiawassee County | 26 | 27.9% | 19.9% | 10.5% | 7.8% | 4.6% | 2.5% | $13,235 |
| Marquette County | 27 | 28.9% | 20.4% | 10.4% | 6% | 6.5% | 1.9% | $13,445 |
| Isabella County | 28 | 28.9% | 14% | 7.9% | 5.2% | 10.6% | 2.6% | $12,964 |
| Tuscola County | 29 | 33.5% | 21.8% | 12.4% | 9.5% | 5.9% | 2.8% | $14,648 |
| Montcalm County | 30 | 27.9% | 18.2% | 10.6% | 7.5% | 4.1% | 3.2% | $11,363 |
| Clinton County | 31 | 15.6% | 18.9% | 7.7% | 4% | 1.3% | 1.1% | $8,885 |
| St. Joseph County | 32 | 24.8% | 19% | 9.6% | 5.7% | 4.8% | 2.8% | $11,632 |
| Barry County | 33 | 18.6% | 19.6% | 8.3% | 4.5% | 2.3% | 1.7% | $10,075 |
| Ionia County | 34 | 23% | 15.8% | 9.2% | 5.7% | 3.6% | 2.5% | $9,427 |
| Newaygo County | 35 | 27.8% | 20.6% | 11.1% | 6.4% | 4.6% | 3.1% | $12,279 |
| Cass County | 36 | 21.7% | 22.6% | 9.3% | 4.5% | 3.7% | 2.2% | $11,904 |
| Sanilac County | 37 | 32.5% | 23.2% | 11.6% | 8.4% | 7% | 2.9% | $15,009 |
| Delta County | 38 | 34% | 26.1% | 13% | 7.9% | 5.1% | 2.5% | $15,159 |
| Hillsdale County | 39 | 28.2% | 21.3% | 11.1% | 6.8% | 4.9% | 2.9% | $11,825 |
| Branch County | 40 | 27.9% | 19.4% | 10.5% | 6.3% | 5.9% | 2.9% | $12,002 |
| Gratiot County | 41 | 30% | 17.8% | 9.9% | 7.8% | 7.1% | 2.8% | $12,927 |
| Clare County | 42 | 41.2% | 25.2% | 15.2% | 12.2% | 5.7% | 4.1% | $16,531 |
| Huron County | 43 | 29.2% | 26.9% | 10.9% | 8.7% | 5.5% | 1.9% | $16,416 |
| Mecosta County | 44 | 29.5% | 20.5% | 11.4% | 7.1% | 3.9% | 3.3% | $12,535 |
| Alpena County | 45 | 36.4% | 25.1% | 12.7% | 9.3% | 8.5% | 2.8% | $17,680 |
| Emmet County | 46 | 21.2% | 25% | 8.2% | 5.6% | 4.3% | 1.2% | $14,856 |
| Houghton County | 47 | 30.1% | 18.2% | 9.4% | 5.7% | 8.8% | 2.2% | $12,897 |
| Roscommon County | 48 | 45.5% | 34.1% | 19.4% | 13.2% | 5.7% | 3.4% | $19,912 |
| Chippewa County | 49 | 30.4% | 19.5% | 10.3% | 7% | 6.6% | 2.7% | $12,960 |
| Wexford County | 50 | 31.3% | 20.6% | 11.1% | 7.4% | 6.3% | 3.4% | $13,710 |
| Iosco County | 51 | 39.7% | 30.6% | 15.7% | 10.2% | 7.2% | 3% | $18,187 |
| Mason County | 52 | 33.3% | 26.1% | 12.6% | 8.8% | 6.4% | 2.6% | $15,660 |
| Manistee County | 53 | 36.6% | 28.1% | 13.6% | 9.2% | 8.3% | 2.5% | $16,657 |
| Gladwin County | 54 | 36.2% | 27.3% | 15.2% | 10% | 4.7% | 3% | $15,826 |
| Dickinson County | 55 | 28.1% | 24.3% | 9.9% | 6% | 6.5% | 1.8% | $15,402 |
| Cheboygan County | 56 | 32.3% | 28.8% | 13.8% | 7.8% | 4.6% | 2.7% | $15,057 |
| Antrim County | 57 | 27.5% | 28.5% | 11.8% | 7% | 4.8% | 1.8% | $15,489 |
| Oceana County | 58 | 30.6% | 22.3% | 11.4% | 8.1% | 5% | 3.4% | $13,738 |
| Charlevoix County | 59 | 20.9% | 27.3% | 9.2% | 5.8% | 2.6% | 1.4% | $13,898 |
| Ogemaw County | 60 | 39.9% | 27.7% | 16.2% | 9.8% | 6.2% | 3.8% | $16,423 |
| Otsego County | 61 | 26.4% | 22.3% | 11.2% | 6.6% | 3.2% | 2.4% | $12,710 |
| Menominee County | 62 | 29.5% | 26.8% | 11.8% | 7.4% | 4.2% | 2.2% | $13,947 |
| Osceola County | 63 | 31.3% | 22.2% | 11.9% | 8.4% | 4.7% | 3.4% | $13,926 |
| Leelanau County | 64 | 16.2% | 33.8% | 8.8% | 4% | 1.4% | 0.6% | $13,243 |
| Gogebic County | 65 | 37.9% | 29.1% | 12.2% | 8.2% | 10.3% | 3% | $18,005 |
| Benzie County | 66 | 25.6% | 28.4% | 11.5% | 6.7% | 3.2% | 1.7% | $14,028 |
| Arenac County | 67 | 36.4% | 27.1% | 14% | 10.2% | 6.1% | 3.1% | $17,004 |
| Kalkaska County | 68 | 31.3% | 21.9% | 12.3% | 8% | 4.9% | 3.1% | $13,192 |
| Presque Isle County | 69 | 36.5% | 33.8% | 16.4% | 10.3% | 4% | 2% | $16,872 |
| Iron County | 70 | 40% | 31.6% | 13.7% | 8.4% | 10.4% | 2.4% | $19,204 |
| Lake County | 71 | 44.1% | 27% | 17% | 11.2% | 7.7% | 4.6% | $16,083 |
| Crawford County | 72 | 35.8% | 26.7% | 14.4% | 8.8% | 4.9% | 3.2% | $14,858 |
| Alcona County | 73 | 38.6% | 36.3% | 17.2% | 10.9% | 4.3% | 2.3% | $19,074 |
| Montmorency County | 74 | 49.3% | 32.8% | 20.5% | 14.4% | 6.3% | 3.4% | $20,425 |
| Missaukee County | 75 | 28.7% | 21.9% | 11.4% | 7% | 4.9% | 2.8% | $12,551 |
| Mackinac County | 76 | 31.4% | 29.9% | 12.5% | 8.6% | 5% | 1.8% | $16,351 |
| Schoolcraft County | 77 | 41.2% | 28.5% | 13.8% | 9.3% | 9.7% | 2.7% | $18,285 |
| Oscoda County | 78 | 40.1% | 29% | 16.7% | 9.6% | 6.3% | 3.7% | $16,284 |
| Alger County | 79 | 35.8% | 27.2% | 15.4% | 9.4% | 4.4% | 2.1% | $14,726 |
| Ontonagon County | 80 | 44.5% | 37.7% | 17.2% | 10.6% | 8.6% | 2.4% | $20,769 |
| Baraga County | 81 | 33.9% | 22.9% | 12.1% | 7.7% | 6.7% | 2.8% | $13,485 |
| Luce County | 82 | 42.2% | 24% | 14.2% | 10.9% | 9.8% | 3.1% | $17,805 |
| Keweenaw County | 83 | 31.2% | 35.8% | 12.8% | 7.5% | 5.6% | 1.6% | $17,118 |
