Capitol News

As President Joe Biden approaches the end of his term, attention turns to the actions he might take before President-elect Donald Trump assumes office. The period between the November election and the January inauguration is known as the lame-duck period, a unique feature of American politics.

Jordan Cash, an assistant professor at Michigan State University’s James Madison College, explains that during this time, outgoing presidents retain power while their successors prepare to take over. This transition phase allows for federal appointments and sometimes controversial decisions.

The history of lame-duck periods reveals their purpose and potential impact. Initially set for March 4, presidential terms were later moved to January 20 with the ratification of the 20th Amendment in 1933. The U.S. transition period remains longer than in other Western democracies due to structural differences.

Cash highlights how long lame-duck periods can pose risks. For instance, after Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860, seven southern states seceded from the Union before his inauguration, leading to the Civil War. Similarly, Franklin D. Roosevelt faced delays in addressing the Great Depression until taking office in March 1933.

Lame-duck presidents have historically taken significant actions during this time. John Adams famously filled federal courts with Federalists after losing the presidency to Thomas Jefferson in 1800. Modern presidents often use clemency powers extensively; Bill Clinton issued numerous pardons on his last day in office, including one for Marc Rich, while Donald Trump pardoned several individuals on his final day.

As Biden prepares to leave office amidst a divided Congress, some speculate he may take unexpected actions before handing over power.